Dandruff

What is dandruff?

Dandruff is a scalp condition associated with seborrheic dermatitis (SD), characterized by itchy and flaky skin, primarily confined to the scalp. It’s highly prevalent, affecting approximately half of the adult population worldwide. While the focus often lies on the visible flakes, itching can be the most bothersome symptom.

What are the symptoms of dandruff?

The main symptoms of dandruff include flakes and an itchy, scaly scalp. These white, oily flakes tend to accumulate in the hair and on the shoulders, exacerbated by dry air conditions such as during the harmattan. Additional symptoms can include:

• Hair loss
• Dry flakes on the skin of the face
• Eyebrow dandruff
• Erythema, which is red patches on the skin of the scalp, and sometimes on the face

What causes dandruff?

Various factors contribute to dandruff development, making it challenging to pinpoint a single cause. Likely culprits include:

• sebaceous gland secretions
• fungal colonization on the skin surface
• inadequate or excessive shampooing
• overbrushing of the scalp
• yeast overgrowth (Malassezia)
• contact dermatitis from personal care products
• sunlight exposure
• pressure from hats
• poor diet
• exposure to dust or dirt.

While the exact reasons for predisposition remain unclear, men and individuals with oilier hair or certain medical conditions like Parkinson’s disease or HIV are at higher risk.

How can you prevent dandruff?

Several strategies can help prevent dandruff:

• Maintain good hygiene to minimize scalp irritation.
• Find the right shampooing frequency to balance oil levels without overloading products.
• Manage stress levels, as stress can exacerbate dandruff symptoms by compromising the immune system.
• Ensure regular exposure to fresh air, which can help reduce scalp oil buildup.
• Massage the scalp to promote circulation and prevent dandruff.
• Brush damp hair regularly to distribute natural oils.
• Minimize friction by limiting hat and scarf usage, particularly those made from synthetic materials.

Can you get rid of dandruff?

Treatment options for dandruff include both medication and home remedies. Medicated shampoos containing ingredients like ketoconazole, selenium sulfide, coal tar, and zinc pyrithione are available over the counter or by prescription. These ingredients work to loosen dandruff flakes or combat the overgrowth of Malassezia fungus. Alternatively, natural remedies such as baking soda, apple cider vinegar, lemon juice, coconut oil, and olive oil may offer relief.